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Copulative a

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The copulative a (also a copulativum, a athroistikon) is the <a href="Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> ἁ- (ha-) or α- (a-) used to express unity in <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, derived from <a href="Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *sm̥-, cognate to English same (see also <a href="Symbel" title="Symbel">symbel</a>).<a href="#cite_note-a-1">[1]</a>

An example is ἀδελφός (adelphós 'brother'), from *sm̥-gʷelbhos, literally meaning 'from the same womb' (compare <a href="Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>).

In <a href="Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a>, the <a href="Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European phoneme</a> *s at the beginning of a word became *h by <a href="Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalization</a> and <a href="Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic</a> *m̥ became *a, giving the combined form *ha-. The initial *h was sometimes lost by <a href="Psilosis" title="Psilosis">psilosis</a> or <a href="Grassmann's_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's law</a>.

<a href="Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognate</a> forms in other languages preserve the original Proto-Indo-European *s. For example, the <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> prefix saṃ- occurs in the name of the language, सं॒स्कृ॒त saṃ-s-kṛtá, literally 'put together'. Less exact cognates include English same and some, and Latin simul 'at the same time' and similis 'similar'.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

Other words in Greek are related, including ᾰ̔́μᾰ (háma 'at the same time'), ὁμός (homós 'same'), and εἷς (heís 'one'; from Proto-Indo-European *sem-s).<a href="#cite_note-a-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Privative_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Privative a">Privative a</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-a-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)1">ἀ-</a>. <a href="Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/same">"same"</a>. <a href="Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-same" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=same">"same"</a>. <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a(/ma1">ἅμα</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o(mo/s">ὁμός</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ei(=s">εἷς</a> in <a href="Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell</a> and <a href="Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott</a>.

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-09-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Copulative_a&oldid=1246237898">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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